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Friday, 1 July 2011

Temple of Preah Vihear

Brief Description

Situated on the edge of a plateau that dominates the plain of Cambodia, the Temple of Preah Vihear is dedicated to Shiva. The Temple is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800 metre long axis and dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. Nevertheless, its complex history can be traced to the 9th century, when the hermitage was founded. This site is particularly well preserved, mainly due to its remote location. The site is exceptional for the quality of its architecture, which is adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple, as well as for the exceptional quality of its carved stone ornamentation.

Outstanding Universal Value

The Temple of Preah Vihear, a unique architectural complex of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases on an 800 metre long axis, is an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture, in terms of plan, decoration and relationship to the spectacular landscape environment.

Criterion (i): Preah Vihear is an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture. It is very ‘pure’ both in plan and in the detail of its decoration.

Authenticity, in terms of the way the buildings and their materials express well the values of the property, has been established. The attributes of the property comprise the temple complex; the integrity of the property has to a degree been compromised by the absence of part of the promontory from the perimeter of the property. The protective measures for the Temple, in terms of legal protection are adequate; the progress made in defining the parameters of the Management Plan needs to be consolidated into an approved, full Management Plan.

Historical Description

[in French only]

À l'origine, Preah Vihear abritait une communauté érémitique ; on peut encore voir dans les falaises les grottes où vivaient les ermites, une caractéristique du paysage khmer. La fondation de l'ermitage est souvent associée à la construction d'un sanctuaire par le prince Indrâyudha, fils du roi Jayavarman II, à la demande de Shiva, au début du IXe siècle. Le prince y installa une partie du grand linga de Vat Phou. Toutefois, les origines de Preah Vihear étaient probablement plus anciennes. Le bâtiment de Indrâyudha était une modeste structure en bois, située à l'emplacement du bâtiment en pierre existant, et seules quelques modifications mineures sont intervenues sous les seigneurs khmers qui se succédèrent au Xe siècle.

Quatre inscriptions khmères et sanskrites fournissent une précieuse datation du bien, et confirment que le roi Sûryavarman I fut étroitement impliqué dans la construction de l'ensemble actuel. Ce roi fit ériger des piliers gravés (lingas) à différents points de son vaste territoire, portant son nom et son titre Sûryavarmeshvara (Seigneur Sûryavarman), et l'un d'entre eux fut dressé à Preah Vihear au début du XIe siècle, là encore à la demande de Shiva. Celui-ci était situé à proximité du temple initial, qui fut rapidement reconstruit en grès à l'occasion de travaux d'extension du temple.

Vers 1050, les nouvelles constructions avaient atteint le gopura n° 3, puis les travaux progressèrent plus lentement, en partie en raison du terrain difficile et des fréquents glissements de terrain. L'ensemble ne fut terminé qu'au XIIe siècle, lorsque le roi Sûryavarman II confia les travaux à l'un de ses meilleurs architectes, Divâkarapandita.

La propriété du bien fit l'objet de tractations intenses au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle entre les Français et les gouvernements thaïlandais. Un traité de 1904 la conféra à la France, dont le Cambodge était un protectorat. Il fut revendiqué par la Thaïlande en 1934 et occupé six ans plus tard. Ce n'est qu'en 1962 que la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye en confirma la propriété par le nouvel État indépendant du Cambodge.

Le site fut fermé pendant plus de vingt ans dans les années 1970 en raison de l'histoire troublée du Cambodge. Heureusement, son isolement permit que Preah Vihear soit peu altéré durant cette période, même s'il fut miné par les Khmers rouges, qui quittèrent les lieux en 1998.

Source: Advisory Body Evaluation

UNESCO to send mission to Preah Vihear


The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, today reiterated her call for calm and restraint around the Temple of Preah Vihear, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2008. A border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand caused several deaths and damage to the site in recent days.

"I intend to send a mission to the area as soon as possible to assess the state of the temple," she said. "World Heritage sites are the heritage of all humanity and the international community has a special responsibility to safeguard them. This requires a collective effort that must be undertaken in a spirit of consultation and dialogue. Heritage should unite people and serve as an instrument of dialogue and mutual understanding and not of conflict."

The Temple of Preah Vihear, dedicated to Shiva, is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800-metre-long axis; it dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. The site is exceptional for the quality of its carved stone ornamentation and its architecture, adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple.

Director-General expresses alarm over escalation of violence between Thailand and Cambodia


UNESCO Director- General Irina Bokova expressed her deep concern at the sudden escalation of tensions between Cambodia and Thailand on the issue of the Temple of Preah Vihear, inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Reports indicate that troops on either side have exchanged fire resulting in the loss of life and also some damage to the temple.

The Director-General expresses her distress at this sudden turn of events and calls upon both sides to exercise restraint for the sake of the preservation of the Temple of Preah Vihear and open direct channels of communication at the highest levels to defuse the tension.

UNESCO Special Envoy on Preah Vihear to meet with prime ministers of Thailand and Cambodia


UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova's Special Envoy on the Preah Vihear Temple, Koïchiro Matsuura, will travel to Bangkok and Phnom Penh between 25 February and 1 March to discuss the safeguarding of the World Heritage site with the Thai and Cambodian prime ministers.

Mr Matsuura, a former Director-General of UNESCO (1999-2009) and a former Chair of the World Heritage Committee (1999), will also examine with both sides ways of reducing tension and promoting dialogue around the preservation of the temple.

Irina Bokova has voiced concern over clashes around the Temple in recent weeks, stressing that "the world's cultural heritage should never be a cause for conflict."

The 11th century temple of Preah Vihear was inscribed on the World Heritage List for its outstanding universal value in keeping with the 1972 World Heritage Convention, which has been ratified by both Cambodia and Thailand.

In keeping with the Convention, States parties undertake to recognize that "such heritage constitutes a world heritage for whose protection it is the duty of the international community as a whole to co-operate".

Wednesday, 29 June 2011

Wall St gains 1 percent on Greece optimism

By Angela Moon<p>Traders listen to chairman of the Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, make an address on a television screen as they work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange in New York June 22, 2011. REUTERS/Lucas Jackson</p>

NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. stocks extended gains for a second day on Tuesday as optimism grew that a solution to the Greek debt problem was near, boosting investor appetite for risky assets.

Buyers snapped up shares that had fallen sharply in the past week, mostly in commodities and technology.

"The fact that we won't be seeing the worst-case scenario is the catalyst for the market that is still very oversold," said James Dailey, portfolio manager of TEAM Asset Strategy Fund in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

The S&P energy index surged nearly 2.2 percent, the biggest gainer among S&P sectors. Halliburton Co gained 5.3 percent to $48.66, while Chevron Corp was up 1.2 percent at $100.09.

Brent crude futures rose $2.41 on Tuesday, pushing oil above $108 a barrel as the dollar weakened and optimism grew that Greece would adopt an austerity program.

The Dow Jones industrial average was up 118.64 points, or 0.99 percent, at 12,162.20. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index was up 13.05 points, or 1.02 percent, at 1,293.15. The Nasdaq Composite Index was up 31.99 points, or 1.19 percent, at 2,720.27.

Dailey said about the S&P 500 stock index that 1,285 to 1,300 was a technical range being closely watched.

Greek lawmakers will vote Wednesday and Thursday on the measures, which must be passed to receive the next payment of

12 billion euros. If Greece doesn't get the funds, investors fear a Europe-wide crisis and potential credit market freeze could follow.

Also helping sentiment, progress was reported in talks to persuade European banks and insurers to voluntarily roll over maturing Greek debt.

VIX AND THE GREEK VOTE

While the market was generally optimistic about the vote, some options gauge suggested otherwise.

The CBOE Volatility Index, Wall Street's "fear gauge," was at 19.62, a number considered relatively high.

"While the most recent newswires are predicting that the Greek government has the minimum votes needed (151 out of 300) to pass the austerity plan, the relatively small declines in the VIX this week, given how sharply the US equity markets have rallied, seem to be building in at least some doubt that the measure may fail," said Randy Frederick, director of trading and derivatives at Schwab Center for Financial Research in Austin, Texas.

"If the vote fails it could cause a rally in the dollar versus the euro and that would likely prompt a pullback in the domestic equity markets. Given a gain in the SPX of approximately 1.8 percent in the past two days, I would expect much more than the 6 percent decline we've seen in the VIX, especially given how high it is relative to the past 3 months or so."

Nike Inc surged 7.7 percent to $87.89 a day after reporting fourth-quarter earnings that beat expectations, while orders suggested robust strength for the future.

US STOCKS-Wall St rises after Greece vote, BofA gains



* Pending home sales rise more than forecast in May

* BofA gains after mortgage bond settlement

* BJ's Wholesale up on private equity buyout deal

* Indexes up: Dow, Nasdaq by 0.3 pct, S&P 0.5 pct

* For up-to-the-minute market news see [STXNEWS/US] (Adds quote, pending home sales, updates prices)

By Ryan Vlastelica

NEW YORK, June 29 (Reuters) - U.S. stocks rose on Wednesday after the Greek parliament passed an austerity plan and a mildly encouraging report on pending home sales.

Equities have rallied for two days in a row on optimism the Greece program would pass, with the S&P up more than 2 percent so far this week.

"The vote being passed is a step in the right direction to getting resolution," said David Levy, portfolio manager at Kenjol Capital Management in Austin, Texas. "We've had the issue on the table for some period of time now, and as resolution is reached it will give the market confidence."

The Greek parliament approved a five-year package of spending cuts, tax rises and state asset sales by a comfortable margin in a key step toward securing international funds and preventing the euro zone's first sovereign default. For details, see [ID:nL6E7HT0PS]

U.S. pending home sales rose a stronger-than-expected 8.2 percent in May, but a glut of unsold properties remained a drag on the housing market. The latest data followed a mildly encouraging housing on Tuesday. [ID:nN1E75R1XG]

"The improvement in home sales is encouraging, but this doesn't even begin to solve the structural issues in the sector," said Liam Dalton, president of Axiom Capital Management Inc in New York. "Still, any sign of stability is a victory."

The Dow Jones industrial average .DJI was up 39.81 points, or 0.33 percent, at 12,228.50. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index .SPX was up 6.77 points, or 0.52 percent, at 1,303.44. The Nasdaq Composite Index .IXIC was up 7.55 points, or 0.28 percent, at 2,736.86.

Bank of America Corp (BAC.N) rose 3 percent to $11.15 after it reached a settlement with mortgage bond investors. The $8.5 billion settlement removed a question mark hanging over the bank since October. [ID:nL3E7HT1RJ]

BJ's Wholesale Club Inc (BJ.N) added 4.8 percent to $50.40 after it agreed to a buyout by private equity firm Leonard Green & Partners and another group. [ID:nL3E7HT1RE]

Monsanto Co (MON.N) advanced 4 percent to $69.54 after its quarterly profit topped estimates, while General Mills Inc (GIS.N) edged 0.1 percent higher to $37.26 after the cereal maker forecast weaker fiscal-year earnings than Wall Street expected. [ID:nN1E75R28U] and [ID:nN1E75S02N] (Editing by Jeffrey Benkoe)

Bank of America pays $8.5bn to settle sub-prime claims

Bank of America has agreed to pay $8.5bn (£5.3bn) to settle claims that the lender sold poor-quality mortgage-backed securities that went sour when the housing market collapsed.


A group of 22 investors, including the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Pimco, and Blackrock, had demanded that the bank repurchase $47bbn in mortgages that its Countrywide unit sold to them in the form of bonds.

They argued that Countrywide has enriched itself at the expense of investors by continuing to service bad loans while running up servicing fees.

Brian Moynihan, chief executive of BoA, said in a statement: "This is another important step we are taking in the interest of our shareholders to minimize the impact of future economic uncertainty and put legacy issues behind us."

BoA bought Countrywide in 2008 for $4bn.

Shares in bank rallied as the settlement removed a question mark that has overshadowed the company.

Kabul Bombing: Intercontinental Hotel Attacked by Bomber, Gunmen; Attackers Killed

Afghan commandos and international forces tonight regained control of a landmark hotel in Kabul four hours after it was stormed by insurgent gunmen and suicide bombers in one of the most significant attacks in Afghanistan in the past few years. PHOTO: Western-style Inter Continental hotel is on fire during an attack in Kabul, Afghanistan, Wednesday, June 29, 2011.

Afghan Interior Minister Gen. Bismillah Khan Mohammadi said six attackers were dead, but it was possible there might still be another hiding in the hotel, where Afghan officials had gathered for a conference.

At least one suicide bomber blew himself up at the hotel entrance and at least four explosions were heard during the gun battle between the insurgents and police and international forces.

The battle ended after troops in NATO helicopters circling over the hotel fired rockets that killed three of the insurgents on the roof.

The Taliban has claimed responsibility for the attack.

Gemunu Amarasinghe/AP Photo
Western-style Inter Continental hotel is on... View Full Size
Luxury Hotel Attack in Afghanistan Watch Video
Kabul Hotel Under Attack by Suicide Bombers Watch Video
A Teen Terrorist's Remorseful Last Words Watch Video

An Afghan news agency is reporting that at least 10 people have died, but that figure has not been independently confirmed.

Afghan officials, including provincial governors, were having dinner at the Intercontinental ahead of a conference on transition that begins tomorrow. Afghan forces are scheduled to take charge of security in some areas of the country starting in July.

According to a State Department official, no American officials were affected by the attack. It's not yet known if any other Americans have been killed or injured.

It is not known if there was a particular target staying at the hotel, which sits on a hill above the city, or if the target was the hotel itself.

The attack occurred while guests were having dinner and power to the hotel and the entire surrounding neighborhood was cut. As they responded to the attack, police cordoned off streets leading to the hotel.

The International Security Assistance Force, the U.S.-led military force in Afghanistan, said it offered assistance to Afghan authorities.

The Intercontinental Hotel is the most famous hotel in Afghanistan and one of the icons of Kabul, where many Westerners and Afghan officials stay and hold meetings.


Casey Anthony Trial: George Anthony Says He Didn't Believe 'At That Time' His Daughter Killed Caylee


George Anthony gave some of the most damning testimony in the murder trial of his daughter today, saying that Casey Anthony was the last one to see Caylee alive.

George Anthony also denied the defense's claim that he had sexually abused Casey Anthony when she was a girl.

Casey Anthony is accused of murdering her daughter, 2-year-old Caylee, and could face the death penalty if convicted. Her defense team argues that the toddler accidentally drowned in the family pool and that George Anthony helped dispose of the body. They also claim that he sexually abused Casey Anthony and that she hid her daughter's death in the same manner that she hid the molestation.

In a testy exchange between George Anthony and his daughter's lawyer, Jose Baez, the lawyer asked him, "You know that sex with a child under the age of 12 is a life sentence, sir? ... You of course would never admit you molested your daughter, would you, sir?"

"Sir, I never would do anything like that to my daughter. I would never do anything to harm my daughter in that way," George Anthony shot back.

Baez snapped rhetorically, "Only in that way?"

Casey Anthony's Case Hurt By Her Father's Testimony?

George Anthony's testimony may have hurt his daughter's defense as Baez argued that George Anthony attempted to shift the focus of law enforcement to his daughter and that his experience as a former police officer helped him do it.

"Definitely something happened to Caylee, she's no longer with us and Casey was the last one I'd seen with her…one and one adds up to two no matter how you try to spin it," George Anthony said.

At another point, he told the court, "I didn't want to believe back then that my daughter could be capable of taking the life of her daughter."

Red Huber/Orlando Sentinel
George Anthony wipes away tears as he... View Full Size
Casey Anthony Trial: Dad Breaks Down in Court Watch Video
Casey Anthony: Man Who Found Caylee Testifies Watch Video
Casey Anthony: Good Day for Defense? Watch Video

During cross examination, prosecutor Jeff Ashton, asked George Anthony, "Did you ever tell police your daughter murdered your granddaughter?"

"I didn't believe that at that time," George Anthony replied.

When Baez challenged George Anthony on some of his actions in the months after Caylee was reported missing and Casey was arrested, he insisted that his behavior was that of a panicked grandfather and father.

"Was I upset and falling apart at the moment, absolutely. My family was being torn apart…and for you to say I was doing something wrong, I'm upset," George Anthony said.

Updated evidence photos from the Casey Anthony murder trial

In another blow to his daughter's defense, he reiterated that Casey Anthony's Pontiac Sunfire smelled "100 percent" of human decomposition and he told jurors that his daughter "has a tendency to live on the edge." He briefly sobbed describing the pungent smell from the car.

"I could smell it three feet away from the passenger side...yeah it smelled like decomposition, human decomposition," George Anthony said. "I can close my eyes at the moment and I can smell that again. How dare you try to tell me I did something differently than what I did."

The more the defense grilled him, the more George Anthony fought back.

"You're trying to take this joy of my life away from me and you can't do it anymore," he told Baez.

George Anthony grew even more emotional when he admitted to a suicide attempt in 2009.

Casey Anthony shook her head no at times as she listened to her father and did not cry.

The defense's case is winding down and so far Casey Anthony's attorneys have had little luck getting witnesses to corroborate their theory presented in Baez's opening statement that Caylee drowned and that Casey kept silent about the death because she had been "trained to lie" by her father during years of sexual abuse.

It's still unclear if Casey Anthony will take the stand in her own defense. Her attorneys have attempted to bolster their theory without Anthony's testimony.

Who's Who in the Case Anthony Trial

Earlier this morning, they tried to use the defendant's mother, Cindy Anthony, to prove that Casey Anthony's brother, Lee, molested Casey Anthony.

Cindy Anthony simply replied, "no," when asked if she recalled Lee Anthony going into Casey Anthony's bedroom late at night. When Baez attempted to pursue the questioning further, he was denied by Judge Belvin Perry.


Khmer Rouge Turned Cambodian Family Members Against One Another


June 28, 2011
Daniel Schearf, VOA | Kampong Chhang, Cambodia

Three decades since the Khmer Rouge decimated Cambodia, killing up to a quarter of the population in pursuit of a communist utopia, the devastation to families is still being felt. As the four most senior surviving Khmer Rouge leaders go on trial in Phnom Penh, thousands of lower-level Khmer Rouge responsible for atrocities will never see justice. Sometimes the victims and the accused are closer than they want to be.

Kraing Leav village is a typical rural Cambodian community just a couple of hours drive from Phnom Penh.

Everyone is somebody’s friend, neighbor, or relative.

But during the Khmer Rouge rule in the 1970s, fear descended on the village as people were accused of being counter-revolutionaries and began disappearing.

Seventy-one-year-old Som Chhorm denies allegations that he was a low-level Khmer Rouge official responsible for atrocities in the 1970s.(VOA - D. Schearf)
Seventy-one-year-old Som Chhorm says he was forced to join the Khmer Rouge but, like many cadres, he claims that he never held any rank or committed any atrocities. He says his job was to take care of cows. "I think now we regard the past as the past. We should consider the current government and try to forget our bitter past. We should try to rebuild our society," he said.

But just down the road from Som Chhorm’s house, the past is not so easily forgotten for Pol Yum.

The Khmer Rouge killed so many of her relatives that she quickly loses count.

One man who she holds responsible is Som Chhorm, who she says never herded cows and was actually the head of the local communist cooperative, a low-ranking Khmer Rouge. He is also her cousin. "He lived with my parents for a few years when he was attending primary school. But, I do not understand why he did bad things. He was an educated man. I still do not understand," he said.

Pol Yum, who accuses her cousin Som Chhorm of being head of the local Khmer Rouge cooperative, says she is still afraid of him (VOA - D. Schearf)
Pol Yum says she talks to her cousin but she has never confronted him because, to this day, she is still a little afraid of him.

She does not want him prosecuted like the four senior leaders on trial in Phnom Penh but says, for her own sense or relief, he should come clean and tell the truth.

Neighbor Pol Sarath, confirms that Som Chhom is lying and was in fact in charge of the collective.

Like Pol Yum, she is also his relative, a distant cousin.

She, however, refuses to talk to him and says he should be brought to trial. “His punishment should be decided according to the law," she said.

Som Chhorm insists he is innocent and says the Khmer Rouge, who tortured members of his family and probably killed them, tried to force him to be a leader but he refused. “When the Khmer Rouge came they accused me of being a civil servant for the previous government or a secret agent working with the United States Central Intelligence Agency. But, after the Khmer Rouge dissolved I was accused of being Khmer Rouge because I have a big house like this as you can see. So now I am accused of colluding with the Khmer Rouge," he said.

Som Chhorm says he survived the Khmer Rouge by convincing them he was more useful alive than dead.

Pol Yum says she sometimes cuts and sews when she is feeling sad about the past and what happened to her cousin.

Although they live in the same village, and just a short walk from each other, their family remains divided by a past that continues to haunt them.








In Hearing, Ieng Sary Defense Seeks His Release


Former Khmer Rouge foreign minister Ieng Sary (2nd row from front, L) and former social affairs minister Ieng Thirith (2nd row from front, 2nd R) sit at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) on the outskirts of Phnom Penh June 27, 2011. (Photo: Reuters)
Tuesday, 28 June 2011
Reporters, VOA Khmer | Phnom Penh
“Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, Ta Mok and Nuon Chea should be punished heavily, because they ordered people killed.”
Defense lawyers for Ieng Sary, the former Khmer Rouge foreign minister, said Tuesday he should be released from the UN-backed tribunal, claiming he was already tried for genocide under the Vietnamese occupation when the movement was ousted in 1979 and was protected by an amnesty deal years later.

In the second day of a preliminary hearing that marks the opening of a landmark trial of four former Khmer Rouge leaders, defense told the court its attempt to try Ieng Sary amounted to double jeopardy. Ieng Sary was tried in absentia at the Vietnamese court and sentenced to death for genocide, in what most legal experts consider an illegitimate trial.

Ieng Sary went on to help lead the Khmer Rouge in a guerrilla insurgency that lasted nearly two decades. He defected with 20,000 soldiers in 1996, under a broad government amnesty. Legal experts say the current tribunal is unlikely to accept the defense arguments, given the wide array of serious crimes he is now facing.


Ieng Sary is charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and other crimes related to the Khmer Rouge leadership, under which up to 1.7 million Cambodians died. He has denied those charges, as have defendants Nuon Chea, Khieu Samphan and Ieng Thirith.

In interviews with VOA Khmer, former Khmer Rouge cadre who were visiting the court Monday said they want their former leaders to be freed or have reduced sentences, in part due to their old age.

Khim Kheng, 53, a former cook and cleaner at the foreign affairs ministry, led by suspect Ieng Sary, said she only saw him commit good acts.

“He told us to save food in order to help poor people in rural areas,” she said. “About torturing his own people, I never saw that.

In meetings held at the ministry, Ieng Sary discussed poverty reduction and development, she said. He never discussed a policy of killing, and when the Khmer Rouge was ousted, all of the officials from the ministry were still alive.

Um Ros, 82, a former Khmer Rouge soldier in the Southeastern Zone, said soldiers there did not have a policy of killing but built boats for people to use for fishing. The killing was the work of soldiers in the Southwest Zone, led by “The Butcher” Ta Mok, he said.

“My first request is that Duch and Khieu Samphan be freed, because the two of them were used by the top leaders,” he said. “Pol Pot, Ieng Sary, Ta Mok and Nuon Chea should be punished heavily, because they ordered people killed.”

Dutch lawyers in Cambodia mega-trial


28 June 2011
By Johan van der Tol
Radio Netherland Worldwide

Two Dutch lawyers are involved in the historic genocide trial which started in Cambodia this week. It centres around four leaders of the Khmer Rouge, the Communist movement which instigated a reign of terror in the latter half of the 1970s. The Dutch lawyers, together with a Cambodian colleague, are defending the regime's deputy leader, Nuon Chea, also known as Brother Number 2. They say obstruction by the Cambodian authorities has been their biggest problem.

Victor Koppe and Michiel Pestman have been involved in a variety of international tribunals. But, Koppe says, this one is unique:

"It has been called the biggest trial since Nuremberg. It's also the first time a Maoist or Communist regime has been put on trial. These two factors make it different from every other trial so far. It's an historic trial and that makes it extremely interesting."


Very worrying
The lawyers and international organisations following the trial have already complained about corruption at the tribunal and interference by the Cambodian authorities putting pressure on the judicial process.

"The direct influence of the Cambodian government on the judges in particular is a major problem. In the months to come we shall see whether that will become problematic to the extent that a fair and honest trial is no longer possible. But there is undoubtedly a great deal of obstruction and that is a very worrying observation."

Walk out
So are foreign lawyers being used to give a dishonest trial an international stamp of approval? Koppe does not believe things are that bad.

"There is a cut-off level, though. And if we fall below that, our client will no longer be prepared to appear in court. He already walked out of the first procedural session because he will not be allowed to challenge a number of things in the new few days."

Between 1975 and 1979 an estimated two million Cambodians died under the Khmer Rouge regime. Many of them died as a result of exhaustion, physical abuse and executions in the 'Killing Fields', rural locations where the urban populations were deported by their Maoist leaders. The charges ranged against Nuon Chea include genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and murder.

Vietnam & US
So what arguments can a defence lawyer bring to bear? Koppe is not prepared to go into detail but he does point out that a great deal remains to be said about the time in which the Khmer Rouge came to power and gained control over the country.

"We will attempt to focus on the factors which led him to take decisions and how those decisions were taken. These include the role of neighbouring Vietnam and the consequences of the US bombing campaigns of 1975. Those are just a couple of the many factors our client would like to put before the court."

The trial is expected to last two years. The two Dutch lawyers will spend approximately one year each in Cambodia.

Monday, 27 June 2011

UNESCO Regrets Thailand Decision To Denounce World Heritage ConventionUNESCO Regrets Thailand Decision To Denounce World Heritage Convention

The head of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) today voiced deep regret after Thailand announced it would denounce the global convention aimed at preserving humankind’s most outstanding shared cultural and natural heritage.

A Thai Government minister said yesterday in Paris, where the UNESCO World Heritage Committee is currently meeting, that his country did not support the convention, the latest step in a row involving the Preah Vihear Temple, a World Heritage List site that was damaged during border clashes earlier this year between Thailand and Cambodia.

UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova said in a press statement issued today that “the World Heritage Convention of 1972 is not only the foremost international instrument for the preservation and protection of the world’s cultural and natural properties which have outstanding universal value, but also widely recognized as an important and indispensable tool to develop and encourage international cooperation and dialogue.”

Ms. Bokova said she hoped that Thailand would “carefully consider its future course of action” regarding the convention and “continue to be an active participant” in the discussion of world heritage issues.

In its press statement UNESCO noted that, contrary to some media reports, the World Heritage Committee did not discuss the management plan for the Preah Vihear Temple or request that reports be submitted on its state of conservation.

Instead the committee reaffirmed the need to ensure the protection and conservation of the temple site from any damage and further encouraged Thailand and Cambodia to use the convention as a tool to support conservation, sustainable development and dialogue.

UNESCO said the committee made the decision unanimously after Thailand staged a walkout, despite “intense negotiations” with both Thailand and Cambodia over the past five days on the sidelines of the committee meeting.

Earlier this year the former UNESCO director-general Koïchiro Matsuura was dispatched as a special envoy to try to resolve the dispute between the South-East Asian neighbours, and the agency also facilitated consultations between the two countries last month in Paris.

Meanwhile, the committee yesterday inscribed five new sites to the World Heritage List, taking the total of new additions during the current session – which ends on 29 June – to 13.

The committee added the Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia, the Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe in Sudan, Jordan’s Wadi Rum Protected Area, the Longobards in Italy and the Fagus Factory in Alfeld, Germany.

Cambodia: First hearing ex-Khmer Rouge leaders' trial

A UN-backed tribunal in Cambodia is holding its first hearing in the trial of four former top Khmer Rouge leaders.

The defendants include the "number two" in Pol Pot's regime, Nuon Chea. They face charges of genocide and crimes against humanity over the deaths of up to two million Cambodians in 1975-79.

They all deny the accusations, and the trial is likely to last for years.

Last July, former Khmer Rouge member Kaing Guek Eav, known as Comrade Duch, was jailed for 35 years.

But because of time already served and compensation for a period of illegal detention, Duch - the former head of a notorious prison where some 15,000 died - will be free in 19 years.

Led by Pol Pot, who died in 1998, the Maoist Khmer Rouge regime was ousted from power by Vietnamese forces in 1979.

'Second Nuremberg'

The four defendants appeared at the initial hearing at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia (ECCC) in Phnom Penh on Monday morning.

Besides Nuon Chea, they include former head of state Khieu Samphan, former foreign minister and international face of the regime Ieng Sary, and his wife Ieng Thirith, who was minister for social affairs.

The four showed no emotion as opening statements were read out before the court and a packed gallery, in proceedings screened on national television.

Moments later, Nuon Chea - who was dressed in a ski hat and sweatshirt - complained he was not well and felt cold and left the courtroom.

"I'm ready to come back when the court discusses my requests," he said.

The hearing will run for a maximum of four days, and no evidence will be given. Instead, the hearing is expected to focus on witness and expert lists and preliminary legal objections.

The trial proper is expected to open later this year, possibly in September.

"There hasn't been a case as large and complex as this since Nuremberg," international co-prosecutor Andrew Cayley told the AFP news agency in a recent interview, referring to the historic Nazi trials after World War II.

The head of the Cambodian Center for Human Rights said the start of the second case was a "cathartic moment".

The crimes "remain ingrained in Cambodia's collective psyche. I hope that this trial... provides all victims with some sense of justice, however delayed that justice may be", Ou Virak said in a statement.

Theary Seng, who lost both her parents to the Khmer Rouge, told the BBC: "This is the heart of the matter - this is the case that we have been anticipating for many years, since the operation of the court in 2006.

"It will allow a lot of information to surface which will help to chip away at the repeatedly-asked questions of why did it happen?"

Theary Seng is one of almost 4,000 civil parties to the case - victims who will have a voice in court alongside the prosecution and defence.

Health concerns

At least one of the defendants - Ieng Sary - is expected to argue that he should not be on trial at all, the BBC's Guy De Launey in Phnom Penh says.

The former foreign minister received a royal pardon 15 years ago as part of the deal which produced the final surrender of the Khmer Rouge.

The defendants are all in or near their 80s and some have been in bad health, so there is a real danger that not all of them may live to see the end of the trial, our correspondent adds.

The suspects have been kept in detention since their arrests in 2007.

Parts of court proceedings will be broadcast on TV, but hundreds of people from all over Cambodia are still expected to travel to the court to see the accused.

The current Cambodian government has repeatedly opposed efforts to widen the tribunal's inquiries, and insisted that there should be no further trials after that of the four leaders.

Thai army chief Prayuth urges vote for 'good people'


Thailand's powerful army chief has gone on state television to urge people to vote for what he called good people in the forthcoming general election.

Recent polls have given the opposition, linked to the fugitive former leader, Thaksin Shinawatra, a slight lead.

Mr Thaksin was ousted in a military coup in 2006 and lives in self-imposed exile, but remains a hugely influential and divisive figure in Thai politics.

The military has insisted it will stay out of politics.

But the army chief's intervention is raising fresh questions about the military's true intentions.

'Reasonable judgement'

Guessing the current thinking inside Thailand's army barracks is a national preoccupation.

So when the head of the armed forces goes on television less than three weeks before an election, his words are scrutinised.

General Prayuth Chan-ocha said Thais should choose political candidates who would ensure stability and protect the monarchy.

"If you allow the election to repeat previous patterns you will get the same thing as before," he said cryptically.

"Think who would be the good people to govern the country.

"I want you to use sound and reasonable judgement to make our country and our monarchy safe and have good people running our nation," he told voters.

Gen Prayuth did not mention any particular names or any particular party.

But his comments are being interpreted in some quarters as warning against an opposition victory.

The main opposition Pheu Thai party is effectively controlled by from exile by Thaksin Shinawatra, and led by his younger sister, Yingluck.

She has said she does not see the armed forces chief's comments as an attack on her party.

"It is good that the army will not get involved in politics and will be impartial on the election," Ms Yingluck said.

"I sincerely hope to meet him and achieve reconciliation and unity."

Pheu Thai is ahead in the opinion polls, but not yet enough to suggest it could win an outright majority.

That has raised the prospect of a period of political horse-trading after the election, in which, some fear, the army could yet play a role.

Thai prime minister defends rise to power on Facebook


Thailand's Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva has posted a vigorous defence of his rise to power on his personal website and Facebook page.

The move comes in the middle of a hard-fought election campaign in which the ex-prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, is becoming a central issue.

Mr Thaksin was ousted in a military coup in 2006 and lives in exile to avoid a jail term for corruption.

Thailand's recent turbulent history is resurfacing as the 3 July poll nears.

The main opposition party, and its anti-government, red-shirted supporters have long been suspicious of the way Abhisit Vejjajiva was able to form a government.

He became prime minister via a parliamentary vote, after a court ruling forced the collapse of the previous administration which was loyal to Mr Thaksin.

The opposition complains that the courts are stacked against it and that the military may have had a hand behind the scenes in forming the current government.

Mr Abhisit's rise to power was perfectly legal, as he is at pains to point out in a long and detailed post on his website.

He denies in his website defence that he had any inappropriate dealings with the military and says people have been fed misinformation aimed at discrediting him.

But the fact remains that his party has not won any of the past three elections and it faces a tough battle in this latest campaign.

It is up against a rejuvenated opposition led by Mr Thaksin's youngest sister, Yingluck.

Mr Abhisit's party says the opposition's entire campaign is aimed at rehabilitating Mr Thaksin and ultimately returning him to power.

The election is becoming more and more focused on the fate of a former prime minister rather than on the candidates officially vying to be the next.

Meanwhile an ultra-royalist group is gathering signatures for a petition calling on the revered king to suspend democracy altogether in Thailand on the grounds that all politicians are corrupt.

Thailand's Pheu Thai complains of 'smear campaign'


Thailand's main opposition party has filed a formal complaint against its main rival in the forthcoming election.

The Pheu Thai party accuses the secretary general of the Democrat party of smearing the reputation of some of its most high profile candidates.

They include the sister of the exiled fugitive former Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and leaders of last year's anti-government street protests.

The row highlights key issues at the heart of the campaign.

The allegations centre on remarks allegedly made by Suthep Thaugsuban, an outspoken figure within the Democrat party, which heads the current coalition government.

Mr Suthep is accused of suggesting that the opposition's candidate for prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra, had only entered politics for business reasons, and as such was following in the footsteps of her more famous brother, the ousted former premier.

Three other opposition candidates, all of whom hold senior positions within the anti-government "red-shirt" movement, have been described by Mr Suthep as terrorists running for office.

The three have been charged with terrorism in connection with last year's political violence, but none has been tried in court.

Many red-shirt supporters remain loyal to Mr Thaksin.

The opposition party has filed a complaint with the Election Commission saying Mr Suthep's comments amount to a smear campaign designed to sway voters.

The row has served to highlight a key point - Mr Thaksin may be in exile but he is still a dominant and divisive presence in Thai politics, and a factor in this election.

Thailand's PM Abhisit warns against Thaksin return



Thailand's prime minister has warned the country may face renewed political instability if former leader, Thaksin Shinawatra, returns from exile.

Abhisit Vejjajiva told the BBC that the next government should not "put one man's interest before the country's. It brings instability."

But in another BBC interview Mr Thaksin said he was useful to Thailand.

Thais go to polls on 3 July in a contest that Mr Abhisit's Democrat Party admits it could lose.

Since Mr Thaksin's ousting in a military coup five years ago, Thailand has been convulsed by political turbulence, largely focused around those who love him and those who hate him, says the BBC's South East Asia correspondent Rachel Harvey.

Just over a year ago more than 90 people died in anti-government protests.

All recent opinion polls suggest Mr Abhisit's Democrat Party is trailing behind the main opposition Pheu Thai party - led by Mr Thaksin's younger sister Yingluck.

Critics say the party is in effect controlled by Mr Thaksin, who lives in exile in Dubai to avoid serving a prison sentence for a conflict of interest conviction.

"I give advice, I write the policy, because I have more experience than anyone else in the party, so I give advice to them," Mr Thaksin told the BBC.

He said he did not see why that should make his critics nervous.

"Why so nervous? I'm useful to the country," Mr Thaksin said.


Mr Thaksin's opponents, including the incumbent prime minister, would strenuously rebuff that, our correspondent says.
'Incitement'

They fear that if the opposition comes to power, Mr Thaksin will be absolved of all past misdemeanours under an amnesty and return home triumphant.

In an interview with the BBC's Hardtalk programme, Mr Abhisit said Mr Thaksin had been "responsible for inciting the red-shirts" - opposition supporters involved in last year's deadly clashes with the military.

He said the opposition were campaigning on their connections with Mr Thaksin but urged the election winner not to "put Thaksin's interest before the people's and the country's".

"There are people who are willing to use violence and cause instability. I'll do all I can to make sure that doesn't happen, and I'm confident that... we'll prove ourselves to be resilient," Mr Abhisit said.

He insisted the decision of the Thai people would be respected, whoever won.

"It's for the Thai people to decide and come 3 July they will make that decision and we will all respect that decision - and I urge the red-shirts to do the same," Mr Abhisit said.

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