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Showing posts with label Temple of Preah Vihear UNESCO. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Temple of Preah Vihear UNESCO. Show all posts

Friday, 1 July 2011

Temple of Preah Vihear

Brief Description

Situated on the edge of a plateau that dominates the plain of Cambodia, the Temple of Preah Vihear is dedicated to Shiva. The Temple is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800 metre long axis and dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. Nevertheless, its complex history can be traced to the 9th century, when the hermitage was founded. This site is particularly well preserved, mainly due to its remote location. The site is exceptional for the quality of its architecture, which is adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple, as well as for the exceptional quality of its carved stone ornamentation.

Outstanding Universal Value

The Temple of Preah Vihear, a unique architectural complex of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases on an 800 metre long axis, is an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture, in terms of plan, decoration and relationship to the spectacular landscape environment.

Criterion (i): Preah Vihear is an outstanding masterpiece of Khmer architecture. It is very ‘pure’ both in plan and in the detail of its decoration.

Authenticity, in terms of the way the buildings and their materials express well the values of the property, has been established. The attributes of the property comprise the temple complex; the integrity of the property has to a degree been compromised by the absence of part of the promontory from the perimeter of the property. The protective measures for the Temple, in terms of legal protection are adequate; the progress made in defining the parameters of the Management Plan needs to be consolidated into an approved, full Management Plan.

Historical Description

[in French only]

À l'origine, Preah Vihear abritait une communauté érémitique ; on peut encore voir dans les falaises les grottes où vivaient les ermites, une caractéristique du paysage khmer. La fondation de l'ermitage est souvent associée à la construction d'un sanctuaire par le prince Indrâyudha, fils du roi Jayavarman II, à la demande de Shiva, au début du IXe siècle. Le prince y installa une partie du grand linga de Vat Phou. Toutefois, les origines de Preah Vihear étaient probablement plus anciennes. Le bâtiment de Indrâyudha était une modeste structure en bois, située à l'emplacement du bâtiment en pierre existant, et seules quelques modifications mineures sont intervenues sous les seigneurs khmers qui se succédèrent au Xe siècle.

Quatre inscriptions khmères et sanskrites fournissent une précieuse datation du bien, et confirment que le roi Sûryavarman I fut étroitement impliqué dans la construction de l'ensemble actuel. Ce roi fit ériger des piliers gravés (lingas) à différents points de son vaste territoire, portant son nom et son titre Sûryavarmeshvara (Seigneur Sûryavarman), et l'un d'entre eux fut dressé à Preah Vihear au début du XIe siècle, là encore à la demande de Shiva. Celui-ci était situé à proximité du temple initial, qui fut rapidement reconstruit en grès à l'occasion de travaux d'extension du temple.

Vers 1050, les nouvelles constructions avaient atteint le gopura n° 3, puis les travaux progressèrent plus lentement, en partie en raison du terrain difficile et des fréquents glissements de terrain. L'ensemble ne fut terminé qu'au XIIe siècle, lorsque le roi Sûryavarman II confia les travaux à l'un de ses meilleurs architectes, Divâkarapandita.

La propriété du bien fit l'objet de tractations intenses au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle entre les Français et les gouvernements thaïlandais. Un traité de 1904 la conféra à la France, dont le Cambodge était un protectorat. Il fut revendiqué par la Thaïlande en 1934 et occupé six ans plus tard. Ce n'est qu'en 1962 que la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye en confirma la propriété par le nouvel État indépendant du Cambodge.

Le site fut fermé pendant plus de vingt ans dans les années 1970 en raison de l'histoire troublée du Cambodge. Heureusement, son isolement permit que Preah Vihear soit peu altéré durant cette période, même s'il fut miné par les Khmers rouges, qui quittèrent les lieux en 1998.

Source: Advisory Body Evaluation

UNESCO to send mission to Preah Vihear


The Director-General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova, today reiterated her call for calm and restraint around the Temple of Preah Vihear, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2008. A border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand caused several deaths and damage to the site in recent days.

"I intend to send a mission to the area as soon as possible to assess the state of the temple," she said. "World Heritage sites are the heritage of all humanity and the international community has a special responsibility to safeguard them. This requires a collective effort that must be undertaken in a spirit of consultation and dialogue. Heritage should unite people and serve as an instrument of dialogue and mutual understanding and not of conflict."

The Temple of Preah Vihear, dedicated to Shiva, is composed of a series of sanctuaries linked by a system of pavements and staircases over an 800-metre-long axis; it dates back to the first half of the 11th century AD. The site is exceptional for the quality of its carved stone ornamentation and its architecture, adapted to the natural environment and the religious function of the temple.

Director-General expresses alarm over escalation of violence between Thailand and Cambodia


UNESCO Director- General Irina Bokova expressed her deep concern at the sudden escalation of tensions between Cambodia and Thailand on the issue of the Temple of Preah Vihear, inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Reports indicate that troops on either side have exchanged fire resulting in the loss of life and also some damage to the temple.

The Director-General expresses her distress at this sudden turn of events and calls upon both sides to exercise restraint for the sake of the preservation of the Temple of Preah Vihear and open direct channels of communication at the highest levels to defuse the tension.

UNESCO Special Envoy on Preah Vihear to meet with prime ministers of Thailand and Cambodia


UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova's Special Envoy on the Preah Vihear Temple, Koïchiro Matsuura, will travel to Bangkok and Phnom Penh between 25 February and 1 March to discuss the safeguarding of the World Heritage site with the Thai and Cambodian prime ministers.

Mr Matsuura, a former Director-General of UNESCO (1999-2009) and a former Chair of the World Heritage Committee (1999), will also examine with both sides ways of reducing tension and promoting dialogue around the preservation of the temple.

Irina Bokova has voiced concern over clashes around the Temple in recent weeks, stressing that "the world's cultural heritage should never be a cause for conflict."

The 11th century temple of Preah Vihear was inscribed on the World Heritage List for its outstanding universal value in keeping with the 1972 World Heritage Convention, which has been ratified by both Cambodia and Thailand.

In keeping with the Convention, States parties undertake to recognize that "such heritage constitutes a world heritage for whose protection it is the duty of the international community as a whole to co-operate".

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